Teaching and learning in an outcomes environment

Ever since graduate school, I have been interested in the mental categories that often implicitly control human thinking.  I remember once being asked what my doctoral dissertation was going to be about, and I answered that it was going to be about aboutness. (For those who were not present at the time, in the late 1970’s, such deconstruction and reflexivity were rewarded.)

Academic fashions come and go, but the question of “aboutness” remains relevant. To state that a text is “about” something is to invoke a theme that is already shared between writer and reader, and the “already” aspect means that the boundaries of this theme are nearly always assumed and conventional – beyond question for the purpose at hand.  What something is “about” sets the (usually uncritically accepted) parameters that, in turn, control how one is able to think about something.   Youngme Moon, who teaches at the Harvard Business School, discusses this in her just-published book Different: Escaping the Competitive Herd, in which she talks about the “categories” in which brands are viewed and understood, and the difficulty that arises when genuine innovation creates something that simultaneously does and does not fit inside conventional categories.

Such is the case with eLumen.  Is the appropriate category “assessment?”  Well, yes, of course, and no, not at all.  It depends, in part, on how an academic institution chooses to use eLumen.  The elements in the deep data structure (programs, courses, student learning outcomes, rubrics, students, etc) can be combined in a way that creates a virtual model of a conventional academic institution, and it can then be used to more efficiently implement “assessment” projects.  Indeed, many institutions are using eLumen in that way.

However, with the latest work being done in eLumen’s development, the same elements in the same deep data structure can be combined differently, so that the process that is modeled can be:  1) each degree being defined as a set of expected student learning outcomes for graduates 2) each outcome-for-a-graduate being defined as a calibrated set of course-level and assignment-level outcomes (how well?  how often? under what conditions?), 3) individual student work/activity being evaluated relative to one or more of these calibrated outcomes, 4) student progress toward and attainment of any given outcome-for-a-graduate being tracked by instantaneous analysis of the pattern of a student’s achievement across courses and other contexts, and 5) the student (and appropriate others) seeing where he or she stands, in real time, relative to each and every outcome-for-a-graduate (both for his or her chosen program and for the institution as a whole) — “educational GPS” — and responding accordingly.

Is this “assessment?”   Not by any conventional definition.

Instead, this is now about doing teaching and learning in a new underlying (and unfamiliar) institutional environment.  The environment that has existed for a century is one in which the sole student reward system is driven by a narrow-band educational accounting system — the accumulation of course grades and credits.  Whatever students do in their courses, in that environment, “counts” only to the extent that it is connected to grades and credits, and that is a per-course designation.

In contrast, a way to think about eLumen is that it is now about a new and different student reward system, a broad-band educational accounting system that tracks the personal, professional, and intellectual development of individual students over time, using student learning outcomes as the academic currency.   Everything about teaching and learning can now be re-imagined in a new institutional environment.  “Assessment” now goes away – nothing extra needs to be done, since the essential process fully answers all of the questions posed by the assessment/accountability challenge.

With that in mind, “assessment” is a temporary institutional imperative to necessarily devote attention and money to knowing / showing / responding to actual educational results, and that institutional attention and money can now be used to intentionally grow a different institutional environment governed by expected and actual student learning outcomes.  This is thoroughly unexpected.

2: Outcomes-as-currency rethinks the meaning of the terms and phrases of assessment

“Improvement”

Over the last decade, this term has come to mean administering the same assessment twice and showing (hopefully) that the resulting numbers are higher on the second administration than on the first.   This is the case whether the students being assessed are the same students – “pre-test” and “post-test“ — or whether a standardized test is administered to different students at different points along an educational continuum (usually defined by number of earned course credits).

Outcomes as currency establishes a process in which it is possible to precisely define the expected student learning outcomes for any given academic institution and any major or program and to know the actual demonstrated learning outcomes for any student seeking to earn a given degree.  Under this régime, the primary meaning of “improvement” is an increase in the number of actual outcomes relative to the expected outcomes. That is, the “need for improvement” is defined by the expected learning outcomes, and improvement itself occurs within that boundary. Aggregating from the individual up to a defined set of students, “improvement” can then also mean the added actual learning outcomes for that set of students.

This is a much more precise meaning for “improvement” in assessment than what it has meant up to now.

1: Outcomes-as-currency rethinks the meaning of the terms and phrases of assessment

“Assessment and evaluation are different things.”

That statement has been a pragmatic way to tell faculty that calculating course grades for students using points and weights is not satisfactory for purposes of showing actual educational results – a true statement.  Stating it in these general terms, though, assumed that points and weights are the only way to evaluate the work of individual students, and it gives the impression that the work of “assessing” students must be extra work that is 1) aggregated, 2) not about individual students and 3) additional to the act of evaluating individual student work.    When the regular work of individual students is evaluated relative to learning outcomes using rubrics, then assessment and evaluation are, in fact, identical.

Introduction: Outcomes-as-currency rethinks the meaning of the terms and phrases of assessment

Since my sophomore year in college, when I chose an anthropology major with an emphasis on language and culture, I have been consciously attentive to how language and thought are interconnected.  There are many aspects to this — one of the most practical is the reminder that some thoughts are more easily communicated than others because the conventional terms that are available support that thought; indeed some thoughts are more easily thought in the first place because of the available terminology.  Genuine innovation has to fight against conventional language.

This serves as an introduction to a series of comments about the way in which student learning outcomes understood as academic currency rethinks many of the most commonly stated thoughts about assessment.  Those conventional thoughts were framed in the context in which assessment was extra work and were designed to help make that extra work get done — whereas we are striving to eliminate that extra work.  As this proceeds,  we will see how this means fighting with conventional language.

A point of arrival

Nine years after Peter Ewell reset the terms for outcomes assessment in “Student Learning Outcomes: A Point of Departure,” the point of arrival is now clear. Assessment, understood as extra activities, will end when colleges and universities define each degree as a set of expected learning outcomes and track each student’s progress as a developing set of actual learning outcomes.